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This bi-weekly newsletter will keep you updated with the recent columns, event information and research results by RIETI fellows and other leading economists in Japan and around the world. In this edition, we are featuring topics related to shifts in the global perception of supply chains from “productivity drivers” to “potential vulnerabilities.” In a recent BBL seminar, using original indicators based on OCED’s Tiva 2023, Dr. Richard Baldwin, Professor of International Economics, IMD Business School, Lausanne, stresses the importance of considering the entire flow based on “look through” exposure as opposed to “face value” exposure in understanding the U.S.’ hidden exposure to China. We hope you will enjoy it. If you have any feedback, we would love to hear from you ([email protected]). Editors of RIETI Report (Facebook: @en.RIETI / X (formerly Twitter): @RIETIenglish / URL: https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/) This month's featured article Hidden Exposure: Measuring U.S. supply chain reliance Richard BALDWINProfessor of International Economics at IMD Business School, Lausanne, VoxEU Founder & Editor-in-Chief at VoxEU.org BBL summary Global framing of supply chain disruption issues Historically, global supply chains were perceived as drivers of productivity and growth, benefiting both developed and developing nations. However, the contemporary perspective has shifted, now characterizing them as potential sources of vulnerability. The recent G7 Communique underscored the significance of supply chain resilience, acknowledging it as a critical concern. Heads of state are increasingly vocal about supply chain disruptions and the inherent vulnerabilities they introduce. What led to the shift from a positive perception to one of uncertainty and vulnerability? The focus lies in the concept of supply chains as “links” and disruptions as “shocks.” The problem doesn't stem from the links themselves. Rather, there has been a noticeable trend toward de-fragmentation in the global supply chain. Between 1995 and 2013, production fragmentation increased, but in the last decade, this trend has reversed. Presently, world supply chains are experiencing a shift towards localization: they are becoming less “involved.” Analyzing Japan's reliance on imported industrial inputs from 1995 to 2020 reveals that the percentage of Japan's industrial inputs has remained relatively stable since 2015. There is no discernible escalation in the extent of dependence on foreign imports. Additionally, the proportion of Japan's imports of industrial inputs in relation to all industrial imports demonstrates a declining trajectory. It becomes evident that the challenge posed by foreign shocks does not arise from an increase in the links to foreign sources. The crux of the issue lies in the nature of the shocks themselves. In the past, shocks were predominantly idiosyncratic, confined to specific sectors or nations, such as earthquakes or strikes. However, the contemporary landscape presents more systemic and prolonged shocks, concurrently impacting numerous sectors and nations simultaneously. Instances like U.S. tariffs, Brexit, the COVID-19 pandemic, and events like the Russian invasion of Ukraine and now the war in the Middle East exemplify this shift. While businesses could navigate idiosyncratic shocks, systemic shocks prompt governmental involvement due to their widespread and enduring impact. We have classified these shocks into six distinct combinations based on their source: supply, demand, or the connectivity between supply and division. Furthermore, we classify the shocks as either idiosyncratic or systemic in nature. It's crucial to emphasize that these shocks are not mutually exclusive and in fact can have causal interlinkages. While the media recently attributes these shocks almost exclusively to supply-related issues, we contend that the problem is more intricate and extends beyond such simplistic characterization. To read the full text: https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/events/bbl/23121901.html Related articles “China is the world’s sole manufacturing superpower: A line sketch of the rise” Richard BALDWIN (Professor of International Economics at IMD Business School, Lausanne, VoxEU Founder & Editor-in-Chief at VoxEU.org) https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/special/p_a_w/204.html “Global supply chain risk and resilience” Richard BALDWIN (Professor of International Economics at The Graduate Institute, Geneva; Founder & Editor-in-Chief of VoxEU.org; ex-President of CEPR) / Rebecca FREEMAN (Trade Associate, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE) https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/special/p_a_w/182.html Related paper “Resilient and Innovative Supply Chains: Evidence-based policy and managerial implications” TODO Yasuyuki (Faculty Fellow, RIETI) https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/22090001.html Our latest discussion papers “Unleashing Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Ripple effects of employment protection reforms” KATAGIRI Mitsuru (Hosei University) https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/24020012.html “The Fundraising of AI Startups: Evidence from web data” ZHU Chen (University of Tokyo) / MOTOHASHI Kazuyuki (Faculty Fellow, RIETI) https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/24020011.html “Labor Union Effects on Wage Dispersion: Evidence from panel data of Japanese listed companies” SAITO Takashi (Meiji Gakuin University) / MATSUURA Tsukasa (Chuo University) / OKAMOTO Hisashi (Kobe Gakuin University) https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/24020010.html “Firms' Internationalization Decisions and Demand Learning” TANI Naoki (Kyoto University / Ministry of Finance) / OGAWA Eiji (Faculty Fellow, RIETI) https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/24020009.html “Mainstream Formation and Competitive Dynamics in the Computer Graphics Industry: Topic modeling analysis of US patents” WATANABE Ichiro (University of Tokyo) / SHIMIZU Hiroshi (Waseda University) https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/24020008.html “Postmaterialist Values Contribute to and Alleviate Global Well-being Disparities: Evidence from Gallup World Poll data” YOO Sunbin (Kyushu University) / KUMAGAI Junya (Fukuoka University) / Thierry COULIBALY (Kyushu University) / MANAGI Shunsuke (Faculty Fellow, RIETI) https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/24020007.html “Release from Restricted Environmental and Social Investing: Evidence from agreements between asset owners and asset managers” SHIRASU Yoko (Aoyama Gakuin University) / SUZUKI Katsushi (Hitotsubashi University) / Sadok EL GHOUL (University of Alberta) https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/24020005.html “R&D Subsidies and Multi-product Firms” Rikard FORSLID (Stockholm University) / OKUBO Toshihiro (Keio University) https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/24020004.html “The ITO Charter Model for ‘Sustainable Development’: A framework for a self-evolving transnational economic order by ‘middle powers’” KOMETANI Kazumochi (Consulting Fellow, RIETI) https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/24020002.html [List of discussion papers] https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/act_dp.html [List of upcoming and past symposiums] https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/events/symposium.html [List of upcoming and past BBL seminars] https://www.rieti.go.jp/en/events/bbl/ * To subscribe, please go to SHANON's website. 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